Flexibility for 421 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adaptability for 421 - Essay Example Changes in authoritative, monetary and business conditions have realized developments in work frameworks, including adaptable work strategies and practices. Representatives have been encountering struggle among requests from individual, family, and social duties; such clash can essentially lessen workers’ prosperity which, thusly, may impact authoritative results including non-appearance, execution, profitability, and turnover. Organizations can viably improve work-life balance among representatives through the arrangement of adaptable work game plans (Schmidt and Duenas 2002). UK representatives keep on feeling expanded pressure and strain in their workplaces, because of work heightening and expanded work pace. These have made the requirement for adaptable work to accomplish balance among work and non-work requests (Green 2006). The utilization of adaptable working practices empowers representatives to deal with their outstanding burden, just as when and where they can comple te such assignments for them to successfully accomplish soundness among expert and individual exercises (Lewis 2003). Adaptable work practices can achieve a wide scope of positive results for representatives. At the point when representatives are given the opportunity of decision with respect to their work designs, work fulfillment can be expanded (Hyman and Summers 2004). In remote working, for example, beside expanded representative fulfillment, there has likewise been an expansion in laborer self-rule and autonomy. In addition, the utilization of adaptable work game plans has prompted diminished degrees of stress and weight among representatives. Albeit telecommuters, for example, the individuals who work at home or utilize working from home, experience a decline in feelings of anxiety, others on the opposite declare that adaptable work practices can realize further pressure and sick psychological well-being. This is in examination with the individuals who work nearby (Tietze and Musson 2005). Regardless, work adaptability has caused positive results, for example, enhancements in accomplishing work-life balance. Associations have additionally profited by such practices through expanded efficiency, upgrade of work quality, and improvement of budgetary execution. Diminishes in non-attendance and expanded representative steadfastness, duty, and standards for dependability are additionally obvious results of adaptable work rehearses (Branine 2003; Greenhaus and Powell 2006). Be that as it may, it is imperative to get that in spite of the fact that work adaptability may permit representatives to deal with their work designs, positive results have not generally been accomplished. Pundits affirm that concentrating on decision and parity proposes having command over one’s life choices, in spite of the fact that these must be considered corresponding to the limitations achieved by sexual orientation, standards, and authoritative culture. Adaptable work practi ces ought not only spotlight on accomplishing balance among work and family, as adaptable specialists may encounter certain difficulties because of different factors outside the work-family setting (Ransome 2007). 1.1.1 Flexible Work Practices: An Overview Flexible working plans have filled in as a methods for pulling in, holding, and propelling representatives. This is particularly obvious as workplaces become additionally requesting and extreme as far as work pace and force. These practices additionally serve to adjust singular objectives to authoritative goals (Lambert, Kass, Piotrowski, and Vodanovich 2006). Adaptable work pr

A new specialization to be added this fall COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A new specialization to be added this fall COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA Admissions Blog devotees will remember that my favorite part of the SIPA experience has been my participation in the Gender Policy program.   For that reason, I am thrilled to announce that thanks to the incredibly hard work of SIPA’s Gender Policy Working Group, Gender Policy and Practice will be offered as a specialization for the first time this fall. This will mean more funding for programming, classes and faculty in the field of gender. Hooray!   I really can’t express to you how much even for those of you who do not choose this specialization will benefit from GPWG’s efforts. When you get here, make sure to hug a gender policy 2nd year! (With her permission of course.) In light of this new and exciting development, I wanted to share a couple of my favorite classes in the Gender Policy Program. I am not sure when these will be taught next year, but if you have the opportunity to take any of these courses with any of these professors, I would highly encourage you to do so. Women and Power in the 21st Century with Carolyn Buck-Luce This was my first gender class I ever took at SIPA.   It is a ½ semester long course usually offered in the fall. (Pro-tip, be sure to check the short course listings every semester. They usually have very specific skills driven offerings.) Carolyn brought in phenomenal guest lecturers like Marie Wilson (http://vitaminw.co/giving/marie-wilson-talks-white-house-project-feminism-and-how-fix-it) and Stewart Emery (http://stewartemery.com/) to talk about their paths to success and the lessons they have to share with young professionals. Our final project was a personal power plan for success and work/life balance over the next 5-years. I loved this class because it focused on concrete strategies for overcoming social and institutional barriers to achievements. From readings and from my hearing classmates’ experiences I felt like my concerns, challenges and observations from being a young professional woman were validated. Gender Mainstreaming with Kristy Kelly- Gender mainstreaming is the practice of incorporating a gender perspective not only into new public policy (although that too) but also into the design of policy-making and administrating institutions. It is the official policy of most countries, although notably not the US.  We started off with a refresher course in some feminist theory and then moved on to practical experiences and implications for policy makers. My favorite thing about this course was how excited and passionate Kristy is about the subject material. Even though this was a course with an international development bent, I got to tailor it to apply the lessons I was learning to my career in domestic politics.We got to choose our final projects with ranged from a survey and evaluation of gender dynamics at SIPA to research papers to literature reviews. I designed and lead a gender mainstreaming workshop of campaign operatives that has led to a journal article I am still working on with Kristy. Work-Family Policy in Advanced Industrialized Nations with Claire Ullman This is one of the few courses in gender policy that focuses on industrialized nations (although thanks to the new specialization, hopefully that is changing!). In this course we learn about childcare, parental leave, workplace discrimination and how different policies impact fertility, women’s workforce participation and child development. We also learn about the history and political processes behind passing these types of legislation.   Claire is clearly knowledgeable and passionate about the material and she is able to make a somewhat dry subject very engaging. This course counts for a lot of graduate programs across the university so we had a fun mix of Social Work, Journalism and SIPA students in our 12 person class. Now all we need is an elections specialization! -Nancy

My Classroom Management Plan Essay - 979 Words

A well-managed classroom requires organization and planning. There is nothing more frustrating than a room where you can’t find anything and are unsure of your boundaries. Classroom management begins even before the students enter the classroom on the first day. In order to establish the proper work environment students should have an assignment waiting on their desks as soon as they enter the room. In my case this will be some sort of a tell me about yourself and what you think about science activity. In addition teachers should greet their students at the door with directions for seating and instruction to alleviate some of the confusion that usually plagues classrooms on the first day. It doesn’t matter if teachers†¦show more content†¦I want my students to have a voice in the decisions made within our classroom. In fact, I think the best way to get the year started is with a class discussion of what our rules and consequences will be. I think that if students help set the rules and consequences of the cla ssroom they will have a feeling of ownership. This feeling of ownership will often lead to respect for the classroom rules. Student ownership can also support other aspects of a well-managed classroom. Assigning students in-classroom tasks such as feeding the animals, taking the attendance, putting together absentee packets, etc. will keep students engaged and free up the teacher to handle other classroom management issues. A well-managed classroom requires mutual respect. The term â€Å"respect† has already shown up various times in this piece; that is because it is the key element of classroom management. A classroom founded on respect creates an open and safe environment where the students can have free-exchange of ideas with one another and the teacher. This aspect of management requires constant and consistent enforcement and modeling. Defining what is respectful from the beginning and giving a rationale for treating others with respect is a great way to start. A well-managed classroom requires effective modeling. The best way to promote desired classroom behaviors and procedures is to model them yourselves. If teachers say one thing and doShow MoreRelatedMy Classroom Management Plan6191 Words   |  25 PagesClassroom Management Plan A. Theoretical Introduction 1. Philosophy of Classroom Management My philosophy of classroom management is that it should be used to meet both the students’ and the teacher’s needs. It should be constantly evaluated and re-evaluated in order to maintain an environment that is effective for both learning and teaching. An effective classroom management plan will enable the students and the teacher to respect each other. It is important in order for classroomRead MoreMy Classroom Management Plan Essay743 Words   |  3 Pagesthat for many beginning teachers, classroom management can be one of the most challenging aspects of their new career.   Knowing this, I decided to experiment with many classroom management approaches during my student teaching to find one that fit both my students and myself.   Based on these experiences, I designed a classroom management plan that I will implement in my classroom as a beginning teacher.   It is important to note, however, that my classroom management philosophy will be evolvin g as necessaryRead MoreMy Hybrid Classroom Management Plan891 Words   |  4 PagesMy hybrid classroom management plan that combines the Canter and Canter Assertive discipline style and Dreikur’s Democratic Teaching and Management procedures allows me to incorporate the students’ opinions and ideas into the classroom rules and procedures. This allows for a sense of community and shared responsibility between both myself and the students to insure that the rules are being met. By allowing the student to have a say in how the classroom will run day to day makes them feel like theyRead MoreEssay on My Classroom Management Plan2064 Words   |  9 Pages      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My philosophy of classroom management is to allow students to be responsible for their own behavior at all times. I believe allowing students to be responsible for their behavior and actions allow them to have a sense of freedom. When students have freedom, they seem to be more successful and respectful. Classroom management is more successful when the class is student-centered. Students should be included in the planning of classroom rules, room arrangement, and communicationRead MoreMy Classroom Management Plan Essay5310 Words   |  22 PagesClassroom Management Plan v Theoretical Introduction Philosophy of Classroom management Creating a well managed classroom involves deliberate planning and thought. Like the study of science, each part of the classroom scheme builds upon others and the classroom becomes an intertwined community of interdependent parts. In science, there are underlying laws that structure all other scientific actions and reactions. Similarly, the underlying classroom philosophy provides the backbone for myRead MoreMy Classroom Management Plan Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesI believe that the children in our classrooms are the future to our nations success. Each student will bring a different skill and talent to the classroom, and as a teacher it is my goal to help each student to succeed to their maximum potential. Students shall learn and adapt to essentialism. Students will graduate knowing all the required material and more to ensure a promising future. Parents should support each student to the best of there ability. The community’s roll is to support academicRead MoreMy Pers onal Classroom Management Plan1881 Words   |  8 Pages* Running Head: MY PERSONAL CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT PLAN * * * * My Personal Classroom Management Plan Marwan Wilson Grand Canyon University EDU 450 – Classroom Engagement amp; Management Ashley Calhoun February 12, 2012 Abstract A teacher in the classroom setting is considered a professional in that environment because they have the training and skills necessary by which to create a setting which is conducive to learning. To aide in the establishment of a setting which is conduciveRead MoreMy Classroom Management Plan Essay2727 Words   |  11 Pages    A classroom management plan is essential in order for a teacher to affect student learning.  Ã‚  An effective plan will take into consideration many factors.  Ã‚  First and foremost the focus must be on the content of the material to be taught.  Ã‚  The teacher must plan the academic lessons thoroughly.  Ã‚  It is important to keep your eye on the ball.  Ã‚  Your goals for the academic progress must be at the heart of this plan.  Ã‚  Therefore you must know where you are taking this class, before a path can be chosenRead MoreMy Classroom Management Plan Essay5306 Words   |  22 PagesClassroom Management Plan    A. Theoretical Introduction    Philosophy of classroom management      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My philosophy of classroom management is characterized by a teacher-centered approach. I believe that the teacher is the leader of the classroom and should determine the learning needs of the students. To have an effective classroom management, I would begin the school year by dedicating some time in educating my students on the class rules, expectations, and consequences. I would strictlyRead More My Classroom Management Plan Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesMany of us tend to equate classroom management with discipline (and for that matter, to equate discipline with punishment, but thats another story). I see classroom management as the processes and procedures that are in place to mitigate the need for punishment, leaving discipline to cleave to its roots of to follow. Anything else is not classroom management. It’s damage control. Classroom management starts, for me, with very clear expectations, and firmly established procedures.  I begin the

US Cities Hit Most Often by Tropical Storms

This list of the top 29 cities hit by hurricanes and tropical storms (1871-2004) is compiled from data presented by Hurricane City.  Check the web site for methodology. Data from 2005 not included. Cape Hatteras, NC (eastern - barrier islands)Hit every 2.53 years. Last hit by Alex in 2004.Delray Beach, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.36 years; located between Palm Beach and Miami. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Grand Isle, LA (southern - barrier islands)Hit every 2.68 years; the most affected area in Louisiana, it is about 50 miles south of New Orleans (as the crow flies). Affected by Tropical Storm Matthew in 2004.Ft Pierce, FL (eastern)Hit every 2.68 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Hollywood, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.68 years.Deerfield Beach, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.68 years. Touched by Frances in 2004.Boca Raton, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.68 years. Touched by both Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Florida City, FL (southern)Hit every 2.73 years. Most direct hurricane hits (21).Spring Hill, FL (Gulf)Hit every 2.73 years.Stuart, FL (eastern)Hit every 2.79 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Miami, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.79 years.Key West , FL (southern - barrier islands)Hit every 2.85 years. Number two on direct hurricane hits (20).Palm Beach, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.85 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Lake Worth, FL (southeasternHit every 2.85 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Ft. Lauderdale, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.85 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Elizabeth City, NC (northeastern)Hit every 2.85 years. Last hit by Charley in 2004.Jupiter, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.91 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Morgan City, LA (southwestern)Hit every 2.85 years. Last affected by Tropical Storm Matthew in 2004.Ft. Walton, FL (panhandle)Hit every 3.05 years. Last hit by Ivan in 2004.Pensacola, FL (panhandle)Hit every 3.05 years. Last hit by Ivan in 2004.Key Largo, FL (southern - barrier islands)Hit every 3.05 years.Jacksonville, FL (northeastern)Hit every 3.05 years.Port Charlotte, FL (southwestern)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Charley in 2004.Fort Myers, FL ({link urlhttp://maps.google.com/maps?qFortMyers,FLspn0.574893,0.952377thhlen]southwestern)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Charley in 2004.Destin, FL (panhandle)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Ivan in 2004.Cedar Key, FL (north Gulf)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Norfolk, VA (southeastern)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Charley (as a tropical storm) in 2004.Naples, FL (southwestern)Hit every 3.19 years. Last brushed by Charley in 2004.Morehead City, NC (eastern)Hit every 3.27 years. Last hit by Alex Charley in 2004.

The Cherokee Removal Book Review Free Essays

The Cherokee Removal Book Review The Cherokee Removal is a brief history with documents by Theda Perdue and Michael Green. In 1838-1839 the US troops expelled the Cherokee Indians from their ancestral homeland in the Southeast and removed them to the Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. The removal of the Cherokees was a product of the demand for land during the growth of cotton agriculture in the Southeast, the discovery of gold on the Cherokees land, and the racial prejudice that many white southerners had toward the Indians. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cherokee Removal Book Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Cherokees had lived in the interior southeast, for hundreds of years in the nineteenth century. But in the early eighteenth century setters from the European ancestry started moving into the Cherokees territory. From then on the colonial governments in the area began demanding that the Cherokees give up their territory. By the end of the Revolutionary War, the Cherokees had surrendered more than half of their original territory to the state and federal government. In the late 1780’s the US began urging the Cherokees to stop hunting and their traditional ways of life and to instead learn about how to live, farm, and worship like Christian Americans. Despite everything the white people in Georgia and other southern states that abutted the Cherokee Nation refused to accept the Cherokee people as social equals and urged their political representatives to take the Cherokees land. The purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 gave Thomas Jefferson the chance to relocate the eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi River. The War of 1812, with help from General Andrew Jackson help the United States to end what he called the â€Å"absurdity† of negotiating with the Indians tribes. From that point forward the Georgia politicians increasingly raised the pressure on the federal government to fulfill the Compact of 1802. In the agreement the federal government had to extinguish the Indian land title and remove the Cherokees from the states. The Cherokee government maintained that they constituted a sovereign nation independent of the American state and federal government. The Treaty of Hopewell in 1785 established borders between the United States and the Cherokee Nation offered the Cherokees the right to send a â€Å"deputy† to Congress, and made American settlers in Cherokee territory subject to Cherokee law. With help from John Ross they helped protect the national territory. In 1825 the Cherokees capital was established, near present day Calhoun Georgia. The Cherokee National Council advised the United States that it would refuse future cession request and enacted a law prohibiting the sale of national land upon penalty of death. In 1827 the Cherokees adopted a written constitution, an act further removed by Georgia. But between the years of 1827 and 1831 the Georgia legislature extended the state’s jurisdiction over the Cherokee territory, passed laws purporting to abolish the Cherokees’ laws and government, and set in motion a process to seize the Cherokees’ lands, divide it into parcels, and other offer some to the lottery to the white Georgians. Andrew Jackson was declared president in 1828 immediately declaring the removal of eastern tribes. In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which authorized the president to negotiate removal treaties. In 1831 combined army, militia, and other volunteer forces began to move the tribes along one of several routes to two forts located in Indian Territory; Fort Gibson and Fort Townson. The last tribe to be moved was the Cherokees in 1838. During this move some tribes accepted bribes of money and or land; whole others didn’t and were forced under the threat of death. During the move there were several weigh states along the route, and from bad planning or lack of concern to malfeasant actions the Indians were not allowed or given access to proper food, medical supplies, warm clothing, nor were allowed to rest for any significant period of time. This resulted in death of many of the tribal members. The Native Americans began to cal the trail, the â€Å"Trail where they Weeped/ Cried† and it was later changed to â€Å"The Trail of Tears† by modern translation. There were approximately eleven trails that took different tribes to different locations. They ranged from 200 to 900 miles and went through around fourteen states. There was an estimated 4,000 to 15,000 Cherokees deaths during these trails. How to cite The Cherokee Removal Book Review, Papers

Importance of Education Essay Example For Students

Importance of Education Essay Importance of Education BY checkmate What is education? Why do we need education in our lives? Like our great heroes said Education is the most important in our life. A gift of knowledge that cannot be stolen and can bring you to the top of your dreams/ Education Is Important, specially to those who cant afford to go to school because of their status In Life. We, the ones who are fortunate enough to get our education should give value and appreciation for it because it is the only treasure that our paving parents can give to us and education is the greatest treasure that can be achieved. Through education, one persons knowledge can be enhanced. Its like a seed on a fertile soil, that if the seed received enough sunlight, water and air, it will grow to a big tree that can give fresh fruits and shelter with clean air. In education, if you are willing to study in school, doing your homework, projects, and reading some smart stuffs, it will give knowledge to you and can bring you to the top of the world ND will help you reach your dreams. But if you dont have education, you will end up like a sleeping shrimp In a running river, who Just following the dusking of the water wherever the river will lead you. Educating the people can help ones country to grow. So while we are still young or for those who have children, lets give importance to our education and give the best way that we can to have it. Theres no young and adults in education as long as you are reaching for it, Its a goal.

Factors Influencing Perception on Same

Abstract The topic of the same-sex marriage has attracted heated debate over the years in the USA. The protagonists and antagonists of this marriage institution have always clashed over the tenet of the same-sex marriage against the moral standards of the society. This paper supports the argument that marriage of homosexual couples should be allowed holding this view as a dependent variable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Influencing Perception on Same-sex marriage in the American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through case study research, this paper explores the independent variables of gender, ethnicity and religious affiliation and their influence on homosexual marriage. The scope of the research is restricted to perceptions of the participants of the research case studies on homosexual marriage. Introduction In defining homosexual marriage, anthropologists formulate valid cross-cultural var iations of modern and traditional forms. Same-sex marriage, just like any other form of marriage, is a union of two adults, though of the same sex, in a domestic arrangement with each member having defined roles to play. Over the years, homosexual couples have raised debates in the conservative American society (Baker, 2010). Specifically, religious and conservative groups have been the most active in opposing homosexual couples getting married (Hunter, 2012). Despite these divergent opinions, homosexual couples have spread across several states of the USA and is now legal in the states of Iowa, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont and Massachusetts (Sherkat, Vries Creek, 2009). Several strategies have been embraced by the supporters, sympathizers and activists of gay marriage to get support of the public on the need to stop prejudicing gay and lesbian unions. For instance, the assimilation approach has positively resulted on gays in the USA (Baker, 2010). The members of this group have managed to convince society on the need to co-exist by employing civil rights movements, public protests, and race riots as actualized by the Sin Sity Sisters of Las Vegas (Sherkat, Vries Creek, 2009). The dependent variable in this research paper is that homosexuals should have the right to marry one another. Specifically, the research paper will examine the independent variables of gender, ethnicity and religious affiliation on the same-sex marriage. Through reviewing the relationship between the same-sex marriage and these independent variables, it is possible to determine the occurrence of the same-sex marriage and its current position in the United States of America. Literature Review Ethnicity Ethnicity or race has direct influence on individual perception of homosexual couples and same-sex marriage. Through mixed research and social surveys carried in 2009, Sherkat, Vreis, and Creek (2009) established that racial divide has direct influence on perception of homosexual c ouples.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through survey interviews involving 180 participants from the white and African American communities with equal representation, Sherkat, Vreis, and Creek (2009) resumed that 70% of the respondents of African American origin opposed homosexual marriage as compared with the 30% opposition by the white American ethnic groups. Specifically, within the African American respondents, the main reason for this opposition was cited as conservative family norms and Protestantism faith which cannot accommodate same-sex marriage (Sherkat, Vries Creek, 2009). On the other hand, 30 percent of respondents of the white race that opposed same-sex marriage argued that homosexual couples’ behavior was against the social norms (Sherkat, Vries Creek, 2009). Generally, it is important to note that gender variation within each ethnic group of study did no t affect the response rate. Ethnicity has a strong influence on the perception of an individual on same-sex marriage. The authors were in a position to explain the impact of ethnicity as influenced by conservative norms and personal beliefs. This article provides a preview of the independent variable of ethnicity on same-sex marriage research. Religion Nearly all the societies seem to have more opponents of same-sex marriage than its proponents on the basis of religion. Specifically, religiously based opposition has constantly and openly fought against this practice. Through empirical research involving 320 respondents from mainstream churches and protestant churches with equal representation, Baker (2010) indicated that 80% of respondents from Protestant churches opposed same-sex marriage citing religious conflict and bad influence it has on society as compared to 63% of respondents sharing the same view from mainstream churches in a sample of 320 religious respondents (Baker, 2010 ). The author noted that in the previous voting for and against the ‘Proposition 8’ which was seeking to illegalize same-sex marriage, the predominantly Christian voters carried the day by winning at 52% in support of the ‘Proposition 8’while 48% voted against the bill. Besides, several exit polls have reaffirmed that position among the Christians as compared to other religious groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Influencing Perception on Same-sex marriage in the American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, in an informal exit poll carried in 2010 in California, the author noted that the self identified church leaders had a support percentage of 81% for the bill against legalization of same-sex marriage (Baker, 2010). At the same time, the author noted that 84% of the respondents who confessed of attending church services frequently voted to support the ‘ Proposition 8’. On the other hand, only 17% of non-Christian respondents supported ‘Proposition 8’. It is important to note that religion has direct influence on perception of same-sex marriage (Baker, 2010). Generally, Christians who frequently attend church services are more likely to oppose same-sex marriage than non Christians or members of other religious groupings as it was observed in the Californian â€Å"Proposition 8’vote. The Christian antagonists of same-sex marriage cited the breakdown of societal norms proving that it was leading to the emergence of destructive and traumatizing developments within the society which may have made young people seek comfort in same-sex relationships. In response, the youth may resort to social tendencies of same-sex relationships as a protest leading to their categorization as same-sex couples in adulthood. The treatment of same-sex couples in the Christian society as outcasts and their exclusion from societal activities in the USA will not significantly change or come to the end in the near future. This article is critical in providing the current position of the independent variable of religion which is part of the scope of the research topic. Gender The male gender is more likely to oppose same-sex marriage than females when all the other factors are held constant. Through a case study research, Hunter (2012) found out that 67% of the male respondents opposed view of homosexual couples as compared 47% of female respondents in a sample space of 200 (Hunter 2012). The author noted that the main reasons for strong opposition from the male gender was in the conflicts of gender roles since the traditional marriage define couple as a man and a woman who have specific roles to fulfill (Hunter 2012). A self-regulating society offers a facilitated explanation for the gender differences in support for same-sex marriage. The author is intrinsic to the above idea and is consistent in exploring pos sible reasons behind specific antagonist and protagonist inclination on same-sex marriage. Hunter (2012) found out that the male members of the society expected gender conformity and based their argument on the roles to be played by each member of the marriage institution. However, the female population has more support for same-sex marriage than male gender due to changing role issues which the research could not explain (Hunter 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Males are more likely to oppose same-sex marriage than their female counterparts, irrespective of other dependent and independent factors. Male gender’s opposition is mainly influenced by belief that the gender roles in marriage will conflict. This article presents an overview of the gender variable which will be tested in the research. Hypothesis In order to capture a comprehensive understanding of the perspectives related to same-sex marriage, it is essential to reflect on the factors that influences same-sex marriage among the young adults in America. The first hypothesis of this reflective study is that individuals raised in loose religious foundation are more likely to support same-sex marriage than individuals raised in the normal traditional religious family consisting of a father and a mother. The momentous variances in type of religious family upbringing and same-sex marriage are critical in reflecting on the underlying factors that promote same-sex marriage. As was indicated by Baker (2010), individuals raised in loose religion with the parents being homosexuals are likely to support same-sex marriage and may end up as homosexuals in adulthood. Specifically, the authors indicated that 80% of respondents from Protestant churches opposed same-sex marriage citing religious conflict and bad influenced to the society as compared to 63% of respondents from mainstream churches in a sample of 320 self confessed religious respondents. The second hypothesis of this study is that ethnicity influences the perception on homosexual couples becoming legally married couples. It is possible that ethnic traditional societal norms for marriage and relationship may modify an individual’s views on same-sex marriage. Such an individual may struggle to conform to such values and avoid same-sex marriage. As indicated by Sherkat, Vreis, and Creek (2009), racial divide has direct influence on perception about homosexual couples. In a social survey research carri ed out in 2009, they found out that the African American and the Latino ethnic groups had more opposing views on homosexual couples than other ethnic groups in America. Specifically, the authors noted that the African American ethnic group had reservations on homosexual couples due to influence by their conservative culture and Protestantism faith. Specifically, 70% of the respondents from African American ethnicity opposed homosexual marriage unlike the 30% opposition by the white American ethnic groups. The last hypothesis is that the support and opposition of homosexual couples vary with gender in America. Specifically, the male members of the society are more likely to oppose same-sex marriage than the female gender. Through a case study research, Hunter (2012) found out that 67% of the male respondents opposed view of homosexual couples as compared 47% of female respondents in a sample space of 200. The author noted that the main reasons for strong opposition by the male gender was the conflicts of gender roles since the traditional marriage define couple as a man and a woman who have specific roles to fulfill. The female gender supported homosexual couples because of the changing roles in marriage. Method The design of this research was secondary data from the survey done by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC). Through social survey, the semi structured, interpretative, sample-based, and comparative in-depth interviews with key respondents was done over a period of two years from 1998 to 1999. Through qualitative data analysis, the study revealed explicit relationship between same sex marriage and the variables such as gender, religion and ethnicity. Participants The participants for the survey study carried by the National Opinion Research Center through General Social Survey (GSS) were of different ages. The survey targeted 25,000 participants from across the United States of America. The participants included the normal and special population groups. In the process of designing the survey and conducting the interviews, the researchers adopted the proportional sampling technique in selecting the households which qualify to participate in the research. The result for each survey findings were draws without prejudgments from each participant. Since sampling was done across the entire continent, there was proper representation in expected findings. The participants of this survey study were English speaking adults of the legal age limit of 18 years and above. As prerequisite for participation, each participant was expected to be from a non-institutional household. The response rate in this survey was indicated as 71% (Davis and Smith, 2011). Materials The GSS used in this research had closed and open ended questions for the targeted participants on same sex marriage. The questions were designed to test the dependent variable which is ‘same sex marriage’ against the independent variables of ethnicity, religion an d gender. The questions on same sex marriage were directed to the participants who varied in terms of gender, religious inclination, and ethnicity. In addition, the GSS sheet had sections for personal demographic information of each participant such as age, gender, religion inclination and ethnicity. The predetermine responses for gender was female/male, religious inclination was Christian/Muslim/Atheist/Others, and ethnicity was White/Non White. Procedures Validity and reliability determines the accuracy of collected data in research. In order to achieve validity in questions presented in the questionnaire survey, the researchers carry out question pre-testing. The collected quantitative data was coded and passed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version seventeen. In the process, cross tabulation was used to compare and contrast perception on same sex marriage in the US. In order to quantify the relationship between the independent and dependent variable, Chi- square was essential besides figures, charts, and tabular representation of correlation analysis. In the analysis, the researchers adopted the independent approach under which each independent variable was tested against the dependent variable. For each independent variable, a frequency table was generated to explain the relationship as a percentage of the population. The same step was repeated for the other independent variables after which cross tabulation was generated to represent the contingencies of the study. This was followed by Chi-square analysis of the results in order to test the null hypothesis for the three independent variables of gender, religion, and ethnicity. The analysis focused on the disintegrating the variation among and between groups of independent variables. Therefore, Chi-square analysis was meant to establish if there existed a statistical equality between the mean of the three groups of data. The first element of the Chi-square was that it measured the v ariations between groups. This part entailed computing the difference between the mean for each of each independent variable and the mean for the population. To reject the null hypothesis for each of the independent variables, the value of F- calculated was to be greater than the value of F – critical. Results The frequency tables generated were reviewed to find out the perceptions on same sex marriage within the US. The frequency tables generated displayed the perceptions on same sex marriage as varying across different ethnicity, gender, and religion. A close examination of the results revealed interesting relationship between same sex marriage and the three independent variables. Specifically, for the independent variable of religion, 29.9% of the Christians strongly opposed same sex marriage, 5.8% of the Christians opposed same sex marriage, and 26.9% were neutral. Only 21.2% of the Christians strongly supported same sex marriage with 19.2% supporting the same. For the no n-Christians, 25.1% strongly opposed same sex marriage, 15.7% opposed same sex marriage and 12.7% being neutral. Interestingly, the same percentage as Christians strongly supported same sex marriage with 25.3% opposing this union. It is apparent that the Christians strongly oppose same sex marriage as compared to non Christians. Also, non Christians are the strongest supporters of same sex marriage as compared to the Christians. In the second independent variable of ethnicity, the results revealed that the whites are the strongest supporters and the supporters of same sex marriage. Specifically, 24.4% of those who strongly support same sex marriage are white against 11.7% among the non whites. In the elements of support (agree), 24.0% of the whites supports same sex marriage as compared to 28.5% among the non whites. The natural responses also showed clear variances among the whites and non whites. The neutral responses to the research question indicated that 12.6% of the whites did not agree or disagree with the research question unlike 15.1% among the non whites. The 23.4% of the non whites strongly disagreed with the research question against 25.7% among the whites. In the element of disagree, the findings indicated that 13.4% of the whites disagreed with same sex marriage as compared to 21.3% among the non white respondents. In the general findings, 21.4% of the total sample population strongly agreed with the research question as compared to 25.0% who agreed. In addition, 25.2% strongly disagreed as compared to 15.2% who disagreed. The 165 respondents who had a neutral response represented 13.1% of the sample population. In testing the third independent variable of gender, the female gender supported the same sex union more than the male gender. On the other hand, the male gender strongly opposed same sex union. Specifically, the responses of the male gender indicated that 17.6% strongly agreed, 24.6% agreed, 12.4% neither agreed or disagreed, 18.1% disag reed, and 27.4% strongly disagreed with the research question that homosexual couples should have the right to marry one another. On the other hand, the responses of the female gender indicated that 24.6% strongly agreed, 25.4% agreed, 14% neither agreed or disagreed, 12.6% disagreed, and 23.4% strongly disagreed with the research question that homosexual couples should have the right to marry one another. As a percentage of the total population, 21.4% strongly agreed, 25.0% agreed, 13.2% neither agreed or disagreed, 15.1% disagreed, and 25.2% strongly disagreed with the research question that homosexual couples should have the right to marry one another. The first hypothesis of this reflective study was that individuals raised in loose religious foundation are more likely to support same-sex marriage than individuals raised in the normal traditional religious family consisting of a father and a mother. The number of Christians observed as supporting strongly supporting sex marriage was 26.9% (14 respondents) as compared to 25.1% (297 respondents) of the non Christians who strongly opposed same sex marriage. Among the 2001respondents, 2900 were missing. This led to rejection of this hypothesis. This discrepancy could not be ignored since the number of Christian respondents was less than 5% of the non Christian respondents. The second hypothesis of this study was that ethnicity influences the perception on homosexual couples becoming legally married couples. The number of whites observed as supporting strongly supporting sex marriage was 1539 respondents as compared to 493respondents of the non whites who strongly opposed same sex marriage. Among the 2032 respondents, 2869 were missing. This led to rejection of this hypothesis. This discrepancy could not be ignored since the Chi-square expected count of 38.26 since the results indicated 29.498 score. In the last hypothesis which stated that the support and opposition of homosexual couples vary with gender in Am erica, the findings indicated that the male members of the society are more likely to oppose same-sex marriage than the female gender. The number of males observed as supporting strongly supporting sex marriage was 891 as compared to 1986 of the female gender who strongly opposed same sex marriage. Among the 2456 respondents, 2786 were missing. This led to rejection of this hypothesis. This discrepancy could not be ignored since the Chi-square expected count of 75.96 since the results indicated 10.965 score. Discussion Same sex marriage has elicited opposing and support in the American society. The findings indicated that the variables of gender, religion, and ethnicity determine the perceptions of an individual towards this union. Generally, the male gender showed stronger opposition to this union than the female gender. Besides, the whites supported same sex marriage more than the non whites. In addition, Christians strongly opposed same sex marriage by a higher magnitude than the non Christians. Among the concerns raised by those who opposed this union included ethical concerns, changed family roles and bad influence to the society. However, the supporters of same sex marriage noted that it is union of consenting adults whose rights must be respected. The first hypothesis of this reflective study was that individuals raised in loose religious foundation are more likely to support same-sex marriage than individuals raised in the normal traditional religious family. This research was founded upon the study by Baker (2010) which concluded that individuals raised in loose religion with the parents being homosexuals are likely to support same-sex marriage and may end up as homosexuals in adulthood. Same as the findings of Baker (2010), the research by the National Opinion Research Center indicated that Christians opposed same sex marriage by higher magnitude than the non Christians. Apparently, the variable of religion is an indicator of an individual’s p erception on same sex marriage. The second hypothesis of this study was that ethnicity influences the perception on homosexual couples becoming legally married couples. This confirms the study by Sherkat, Vreis, and Creek (2009) which indicated that African American and the Latino ethnic groups had more opposing views on homosexual couples than other ethnic groups in America. Same as the findings of Sherkat, Vreis, and Creek (2009) the research by the National Opinion Research Center indicated that non whites opposed same sex marriage by higher magnitude than the whites. Apparently, the variable of ethnicity is an indicator of an individual’s perception on same sex marriage. The last hypothesis was that the support and opposition of homosexual couples vary with gender in America. This confirms the study by Hunter (2012) which found out that 67% of the male respondents opposed view of homosexual couples as compared 47% of female respondents. Same as the findings of Hunter (201 2) the research by the National Opinion Research Center indicated that males opposed same sex marriage by higher magnitude than the females. Apparently, the variable of gender is an indicator of an individual’s perception on same sex marriage. References Hunter, N. (2012). The future impact of same-sex marriage: More questions than answers. The George Town Law Journal, 100(1), 1855-1879. Baker, B. (2010). Same-Sex Marriage and Religion: An Inappropriate Relationship. e-Research, 1(3). Web. Davis, J.A., Smith, T. W. (2011) General social surveys, 1972-2010[machine-readable data file] /Principal Investigator, James A. Davis; Director and Co-Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Co-Principal Investigator, Peter V. Marsden; Sponsored by National Science Foundation. –NORC ed. — Chicago: National Opinion Research Center [producer];Storrs, CT: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut [distributor]. Sherkat, D., Vries, K., Creek, S. (200 9). Race, religion, and opposition to same-sex marriage. OpenSIU Journal, 91(1), 80-98. 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